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The aim of this work is to produce an updated 2017 dataset representing the number of people exposed to noise from road, rail, aircraft and industries that is comparable to 2022 reference year, both inside and outside Environmental Noise Directive’s (END) urban agglomerations in order to provide support to the EU Action Plan: ‘Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil’.

The present paper analyses scaling aspects for Nature Based solutions (NBS) focusing on the economic and social characteristics of their implementation. This study discusses the socio-economic conditions which can enable or prevent upscaling and particularly focuses on the characterization and distribution of benefits generated by NBS. The objective of this paper is to exemplify this analysis on six selected case studies selected from those previously analised, assessing how socio-economic conditions impact the potential for large-scale implementation of NBS.